US Firearms Law — State by State
Interactive reference covering all 50 states + DC. Constitutional carry, reciprocity, NFA rules, and concealed carry requirements.
01 // REFERENCE
Carry Law Types Explained
The three frameworks that govern whether you can carry a concealed firearm — and what they require.
Constitutional Carry
No permit required to carry concealed. Also called ‘permitless carry.’ You can still get a permit for reciprocity when traveling to shall-issue states.
Shall Issue
The state must issue a permit if you meet objective criteria — age, training, and clean record. The issuing authority has no discretion to deny a qualified applicant.
May Issue / Restricted
The issuing authority has discretion. Often requires ‘good cause.’ After NYSRPA v. Bruen (2022), several of these regimes are being challenged in federal court.
02 // TRAVEL
Traveling With Firearms
Interstate travel with a firearm is federally protected under FOPA — but state enforcement varies widely.
Flying: Firearms must be unloaded, in a hard-sided locked case, and declared at check-in with the airline. TSA prohibits firearms in carry-on baggage — checked only. Ammo must also be in the checked bag.
Driving across state lines: The Firearm Owners Protection Act (FOPA) protects interstate travel as long as you can lawfully possess the firearm at your origin and destination. New Jersey and New York aggressively prosecute travelers who stop — even briefly — in those states.
Vehicle transport: Most states require firearms to be unloaded, cased, and stored in the trunk or inaccessible area of the vehicle. Check each state's specific rules before departure.
03 // TRANSFERS
Private Sale Laws
22 states require background checks on all private party sales. The remainder have no restriction — but rules can still vary locally.
In states with universal background check laws, all firearm transfers — including private party sales at gun shows or online — must go through a licensed dealer. In other states, private party sales between individuals who can legally possess firearms require no paperwork.
Universal Background Check States
All private sales must go through an FFL
No Restriction States
Private party sales require no background check
Explore Your State
Dive into state-specific laws, reciprocity agreements, and NFA regulations in the Handbook.